Weighted overcomplete de-noising

ABSTRACT

A de-noising algorithm that obtains an estimate of a noise-free portion of a noise-containing digital signal by applying a set of M linear transforms to the noise-containing digital signal, determining M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element of the digital signal, deriving a combination of weight factors for the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by formulating the combination as a linear estimation problem and solving it for the individual weight factors, and formulating a final de-noised estimate of each digital element based on the corresponding M initial de-noised estimates and the combination of weight factors. The combination of weight factors is an optimal combination that is derived such that a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates is minimized. The optimal determination is further determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on one of several matrices.

CONTINUING APPLICATION DATA

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) on provisional application Ser. No. 60/475,401, filed on Jun. 2, 2003. This application is also related to application Ser. Nos. 10/229,667 and 10/646,248, filed on Aug. 28, 2002 and Aug. 22, 2003 respectively and respectively entitled “Iterated De-Noising For Image Recovery” and “Image Recovery Using Thresholding and Direct Linear Solvers.” The content of each of these applications is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to techniques for removing noise from a digital representation (e.g., a digital image) using a set of overcomplete transforms and thresholding. The techniques may be employed in methods/algorithms which may embodied in software, hardware or combination thereof and may be implemented on a computer or other processor-controlled device.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] The signal in the additive independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) noise problem continues to receive significant attention as it provides a benchmark for the accurate statistical modeling and representation of signals. The problem was first approached using a single transform and was later extended to overcomplete basis. Since then, the research in this area has thus far concentrated on obtaining better transforms and better thresholding techniques.

[0006] De-noising using linear transforms and thresholding relies on sparse decompositions with the utilized transforms. Under i.i.d. noise assumptions, it can be shown that transform coefficients with small magnitudes have very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and a thresholding nonlinearity that effectively detects and removes (in the case of hard-thresholding) or reduces (in the case of soft-thresholding) these coefficients can be shown to improve the noise performance. Of course, this improvement is confined to the class of signals over which the utilized linear transforms provide sparse decompositions. However, if one imagines typically utilized localized transforms such as wavelets or block discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) over a particular image, it is apparent that many of the DCT or wavelet basis functions comprising the transform will overlap edges and other singularities. It is well known that sparsity properties do not hold over such features and de-noising performance suffers as a result. De-noising with overcomplete transforms tries to remedy this problem by averaging several de-noised estimates (corresponding to shifted versions of the same transform) at every pixel. It is hoped that some of the estimates will provide better performance than others, which will then be rectified in an average.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0007] It is an object of the present invention to provide further improvements in the technology of de-noising digital signals using overcomplete transforms and thresholding by exploiting a separate degree of freedom not available using the above-discussed de-noising approaches.

[0008] It is another object of this invention to provide a digital image de-noising technique that involves formulating an optimal combination of de-noised estimates for each pixel and solving it for optimal estimates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] According to one aspect of this invention, methods for obtaining an estimate of a noise-free portion of a noise-containing digital signal are provided. One method comprises the steps of applying a set of M linear transforms to the noise-containing digital signal; determining M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element of the digital signal; deriving a combination of weight factors for the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by formulating the combination as a linear estimation problem and solving it for the individual weight factors; and formulating a final de-noised estimate of each digital element based on the corresponding M initial de-noised estimates and the combination of weight factors.

[0010] The set of M linear transforms is preferably applied to the digital signal as a whole or to each digital element.

[0011] For each linear transform in the set of M linear transforms, the M initial de-noised estimates of a particular digital element are preferably obtained by thresholding each transform coefficient that has an absolute value below a threshold and inverse transforming the non-thresholded transform coefficients.

[0012] Preferably, the combination of weight factors is an optimal combination that is derived such that a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates is minimized.

[0013] The set of M linear transforms may take any number of forms, including (i) a discrete cosine transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, (ii) a wavelet transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, or (iii) a Fourier transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts.

[0014] In preferred embodiments, the digital signal is an image or video frame comprised of a plurality of pixels, wherein each digital element comprises one or a group of pixels.

[0015] In another method, an estimate {circumflex over (x)} of a noise-free portion x of a noise-containing signal y is obtained. The method comprises obtaining an estimate {circumflex over (x)}(n) for each element n of {circumflex over (x)} according to the following equation: ${{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{{\alpha_{i}(n)}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}},{n = 1},\ldots \quad,N,$

[0016] wherein weight factors α_(i) (n), i=1, . . . , M, n=1, . . . , N are optimally determined by formulating a combination thereof as a linear estimation problem. Then, the N {circumflex over (x)}(n) estimates are combined to obtain {circumflex over (x)}.

[0017] Preferably, α_(i) (n) are optimally determined such that {circumflex over (x)}(n) minimizes a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates. More preferably, α_(i)(n) the optimal determination is further determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on (i) a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n), (ii) a diagonal matrix that is derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n), or (iii) a reduced diagonal matrix that is derived from a diagonal matrix that is, in turn, derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).

[0018] In other aspects, the invention involves an apparatus including one or more components for performing the processing operations described above in connection with the steps of the methods. Such components may be implemented with hardware, software, or combination thereof. Hardware implementations may be realized using, for example, a general microprocessor, or one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processing circuitry, etc., or a combination thereof.

[0019] In accordance with further aspects of the invention, any of the above-described methods or steps thereof may be embodied in a program of instructions (e.g., software) which may be stored on, or conveyed to, a computer or other processor-controlled device for execution. Alternatively, the program of instructions may be integrated with hardware designed to perform one or more of the steps (e.g., one or more ASICs, digital signal processing circuitry, etc.).

[0020] Other objects and attainments together with a fuller understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021]FIG. 1(a) illustrates a noise corrupted piecewise constant signal, FIG. 1(b) illustrates the equivalent linear filter for de-noising at n_(s), and FIG. 1(c) illustrates the optimal filter for de-noising at that point.

[0022]FIG. 2 illustrates the computed equivalent filters for the full, diagonal, and standard solutions at three pixels in the image voronoi.

[0023]FIG. 3 illustrate the test images voronoi (256×256) and teapot (960×1280).

[0024]FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 illustrate peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) vs. threshold curves for the full (FIG. 4 only), diagonal, significant-only, and standard solution systems achieved under different conditions.

[0025] FIGS. 7(a)-(e) and 8(a)-(d) illustrate noisy and de-noised portions of the test images.

[0026]FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the basic process flow of a main algorithm of this invention.

[0027]FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system which may be used to implement the techniques of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0028] A. Overview

[0029] The present invention is primarily directed to the familiar scenario in which i.d.d. noise in an image is removed using a set of overcomplete linear transforms and thresholding. Rather than the standard approach where one obtains the de-noised signal by ad hoc averaging of the de-noised estimates (corresponding to each transform), I formulate the optimal combination as a linear estimation problem for each pixel and solve it for optimal estimates. My approach is independent of the utilized transforms and the thresholding scheme. My derivation of the optimal estimates does not require explicit image statistics but relies solely on the assumption that the utilized transforms provide sparse decompositions. Yet my adaptive estimates utilize implicit conditional statistics, and they make the biggest impact around edges and singularities where standard sparsity assumptions fail.

[0030] Thus, in accordance with the present invention, after an overcomplete set of linear transformations (i.e., either shifted versions of the same transform or a general set of transforms {H₁,H₂, . . . , H_(M)} with H_(i)H_(i) ⁻=1, i=, . . . , M, where 1 is the identity) are evaluated at each pixel and the transform coefficients thresholded (preferably, hard-thresholded) and inverse transformed to obtain several de-noised estimates, those estimates are not simply averaged to obtain the final result. Rather, this invention provides a technique for actively determining the better estimates, which are then combined to obtain the final result.

[0031] In so doing, my formulation does not lose the simplicity of averaging, nor does it require any explicit statistics or parameters. Three estimators are derived in order of diminishing computational complexity. The first estimator, which is also the most potent, improves de-noising performance throughout, even when no singularities (e.g., edges) are present in the signal. The second estimator is very simple and solely requires the amount of expected noise energy remaining in pixels after the application of each transform. For hard-thresholding, this can be approximated by the number of coefficients that survive thresholding, or the number of non-zero coefficients (after thresholding) with basis functions overlapping the given pixel, to yield the third estimate. It should be noted that hard-thresholding a coefficient c yields 0 if |c|≦T, and leaves the coefficient unchanged otherwise.

[0032] As is the case with the inventions of the above-identified related applications, the role of the utilized transformations remain very important. Indeed, the underlying operational basis of the algorithms of this invention is sparse image representations with the utilized linear transforms. Thus, the present invention may be used to remove noise from a digital image/video-frame and may also be embodied in recovery algorithms that employ spatial prediction to recover lost data in the image or video-frame. The details of the present techniques and algorithms of the present invention are described below.

[0033] B. Notation

[0034] Let x(N×1) denote the signal, let y=x+w denote the noise corrupted signal, and let H_(i) (N×N), i=1, . . . , M denote an overcomplete set of linear transforms. It is to be understood that (N×1) determines the dimension of the matrix/vector x. In overcomplete de-noising, the transform coefficients of each transform is thresholded to obtain an estimate {circumflex over (x)}_(i) of x, given y. These individual estimates are then combined to arrive at an overall estimate {circumflex over (x)}. The individual estimates {circumflex over (x)}_(i) corresponding to each transform can be obtained in three stages for i=1, . . . , M as follows:

c _(i) =H _(i) y  (1)

ĉ _(i)=τ(c _(i))  (2)

{circumflex over (x)} _(i) =H _(i) ⁻¹(ĉ _(i))  (3)

[0035] where c_(i)(N×1) are the transform coefficients due to H_(i), ĉ_(i)(N×1) are the thresholded coefficients, τ( . . . ) is the thresholding function, and {circumflex over (x)}_(i) is the i^(th) estimate of x. Note that the “thresholding” operation can be much more general as in ĉ_(i)=τ_(i)(c₁, . . . , c_(i), . . . C_(M)), i=1, . . . , M. The individual estimates are combined at every pixel to arrive at the final de-noised signal via $\begin{matrix} {{{\hat{x}(n)} = {{1/M}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}},{n = 1},\ldots \quad,N} & (4) \end{matrix}$

[0036] In this invention, the above equation (1) is replaced with $\begin{matrix} {{{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{{\alpha_{i}(n)}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}},{n = 1},\ldots \quad,N} & (5) \end{matrix}$

[0037] where the weights α_(i)(n), i=1, . . . , M, n=, . . . , N are determined optimally as described below. For naturally overcomplete transforms such complex wavelets the techniques of this invention correspond to doing a pixel adaptive inverse transform. As will be become clear, this invention can accommodate a large variety of thresholding non-linearities; however, for the examples herein the thresholding function will be taken as a non-linearity that implements spatially uniform hard-thresholding on each coefficient via $\begin{matrix} {{{\hat{c}}_{i}(k)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {c_{i}(k)} & {{{c_{i}(k)}} > T} \\ 0 & {{{c_{i}(k)}} \leq T} \end{matrix} \right.} & (6) \end{matrix}$

[0038] for k=1, . . . , N, where c_(i)(k) is the k^(th) transform coefficient of the i^(th) transform, and T is a given threshold. To help later notation, index sets are defined as

V _(i) ={m∥c _(i)(m)|>T}  (7)

[0039] and the related diagonal selection matrices $\begin{matrix} {{S_{i}\left( {k,l} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1 & {{k = l},{{{c_{i}(k)}} > T}} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.} & (8) \end{matrix}$

[0040] With this notation and hard-thresholding, Equation (3) becomes

{circumflex over (x)} _(i) =H _(i) ⁻¹ S _(i) H _(i) y  (9)

[0041] C. Main Principles of the Invention

[0042]FIG. 1(a) shows a noise corrupted piecewise constant signal, which together with FIGS. 1(b) and (c), illustrates the main principles of the invention. Block DCT (4 by 1) decompositions are used for simplicity. FIG. 1(a) depicts an overcomplete system of four transforms (DCT 1, . . . , DCT 4) that tile the signal as illustrated. Observe that the pixel identified at n_(e) has four block DCTs overlapping it, one block from each transform. Of these four blocks, the first two overlap the “edge” (shown shaded) in the figure, whereas the latter two overlap smooth portions of the signal. From approximation principles, it is expected that the block DCTs overlapping the smooth regions will provide sparse decompositions and yield good individual de-noised estimates for the pixel at n_(e), whereas the block DCTs overlapping the edge will not give rise to good de-noised estimates at n_(e). Hence, rather than setting α_(i)(n)=0.25 for i=1, . . . , 4 in Equation (4), it is beneficial to give more weight to i=3,4 and less weight to i=1, 2 when the individual estimates are combined.

[0043] In the case of pixel n_(s), consider the example case where the hard-thresholding operation only retains the DC terms of the DCT coefficients in the four overlapping blocks. For this case, while Equation (4) forms the equivalent filter shown in FIG. 1(b), the optimal is given by α₁(n_(s))=α₄(n_(s))=0.5, α₂(n_(s))=α₃(n_(s))=0 as shown in FIG. 1(c).

[0044] For convenience, zero mean quantities and orthonormal transforms are assumed. The objective is to derive the optimal weights in Equation (5) that minimize the conditional mean squared error, given the index sets V₁, . . . , V_(i), . . . , V_(M),

E[|x(n)−{circumflex over (x)}(n)|² |V ₁ . . . , V _(i) , . . . , V _(M)]  (10)

[0045] where E[ . . . ] denotes expectation. The main assumption is that the utilized transform provides a sparse decompositions, the thresholding is successful, and the individual de-noised estimates remove mostly noise, i.e.,

{circumflex over (x)} _(i) ≈x+w _(i)  (11)

[0046] where w_(i)(N×1) is the remaining noise in the i^(th) de-noised estimate with E[xw_(i) ^(T)]=0, where ( . . . )^(T) denotes transpose. For example, using hard-thresholding, w_(i) only includes the transform coefficients of w in the index set V_(i). In this sense, each V_(i) is assumed to identify the non-zero coefficients of the transform H_(i), which provides a sparse decomposition. Observe that

w _(i) =H _(i) ^(T) S _(i) H _(i) w  (12)

[0047] since the H_(i) are orthonormal.

[0048] Focusing attention on the n^(th) pixel, using Equations (5) and (11), gives $\begin{matrix} {{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}{{\alpha_{i}(n)}\left( {{x(n)} + {w_{i}(n)}} \right)}}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

[0049] The objective is to choose the α_(i)(n) so that {circumflex over (x)}(n) minimizes Equation (10). This task becomes a conditional linear estimation problem where x(n) is estimated using observed quantities x(n)+w_(i)(n) with the estimation weights α_(i)(n).

[0050] Let Γ(n)=[α₁(n) . . . α_(M)(n)]^(T), σ_(x) ²(n)=E[x² (n)], and z(n)=[x(n)+w₁(n) . . . x(n)+w_(M)(n)]^(T). Equation (13) becomes

{circumflex over (x)}(n)=z(n)^(T)Γ(n)  (14)

[0051] Using this form in Equation (10) and taking derivatives with respect to components of Γ(n) gives $\begin{matrix} {{{\sigma_{x}^{2}(n)}\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \vdots \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}} = {\left( {{{\sigma_{x}^{2}(n)}\begin{bmatrix} 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \quad & \vdots \\ 1 & \cdots & 1 \end{bmatrix}} + {W(n)}} \right){\Gamma (n)}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

[0052] where W(n)_(p,q)=E[w_(p) ^(T)w_(q)|V₁, . . . , V_(i), . . . , V_(M)] and, as observed, E[xw_(i) ^(T)]=0].

[0053] Let u_(n)(N×1) denote the unit vector that is 1 in the n^(th) component and 0 otherwise. Using Equation (12) and under the i.i.d. noise assumption, the matrix elements of W(n) (M×M) can be written as $\begin{matrix} {{W(n)}_{p,q} = {E\left\lbrack {\left. {{w_{p}(n)}{w_{q}(n)}} \middle| V_{1} \right.,\ldots,V_{M}} \right\rbrack}} & (16) \\ {\quad {= {u_{n}^{T}H_{p}^{T}S_{p}H_{p}{E\left\lbrack {ww}^{T} \right\rbrack}H_{q}^{T}S_{q}H_{q}u_{n}}}} & (17) \\ {\quad {= {\sigma_{w}^{2}u_{n}^{T}H_{p}^{T}S_{p}H_{p}H_{q}^{T}S_{q}H_{q}u_{n}}}} & (18) \\ {\quad {= {\sigma_{w}^{2}{G(n)}_{p,q}}}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

[0054] where σ_(w) ² is the noise variance and G(n)(M×M) is a matrix that is solely dependent on the overcomplete transform set and the index sets V_(i).

[0055] Then, Equation (15) reduces to $\begin{matrix} {{\lambda \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \vdots \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}} = {{G(n)}{\Gamma (n)}}} & (20) \end{matrix}$

[0056] where λ is a scaling factor. Under the assumption σ_(x) ²(n)>>σ_(w) ², Σ_(i)α_(i)(n)=1 is obtained, which determines λ and removes explicit dependence to statistical parameters σ_(x) ²(n), σ_(w) ², etc. Note however that the form of G(n) depends on the index sets, and there is an implicit dependence on image statistics.

[0057] Since G(n) is positive semidefinite, Equation (20) can be solved within the positive eigenspace of G(n) to yield Γ(n) whenever the rank of G(n) is nonzero. For the zero rank case, Γ(n) is assumed to be set to its standard value.

[0058] Referring to equation (20) as the “full solution,” this solution is complicated as it requires the formation and the solution of G(n) at every pixel. Looking at the form G(n) through Equation (16), observe that the matrix element (p, q) represents the cross correlation of noise remaining at pixel n after de-noising with the p^(th) and q^(th) transforms (divided by σ_(w) ²). Assuming these cross terms are negligible in comparison to other quantities and thereby setting the off-diagonal elements of G(n) to zero yields a diagonal matrix D(n) where $\begin{matrix} {{D(n)}_{p,q} = \begin{Bmatrix} {G(n)}_{p,q} & {p = q} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{Bmatrix}} & (21) \end{matrix}$

[0059] The solution of Equation (20) with G(n) replaced by D(n) via $\begin{matrix} {{\lambda \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\  \cdot \\  \cdot \\  \cdot \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}} = {{D(n)}{\Gamma (n)}}} & (22) \end{matrix}$

[0060] will be referred to as the “diagonal solution”.

[0061] While much simpler, this solution still requires the keeping track of the actual values of the transform basis functions at every pixel since

D(n)_(p,q) =u _(n) ^(T) H _(p) ^(T) S _(p) H _(p) u _(n)  (23)

[0062] This is straightforward for block transforms but it is necessary to compute the actual basis functions for transforms like wavelets obtained through iterated filter banks. Assuming that the transform basis functions have constant values in their spatial support, an even simpler equation can be obtained. Consider the m^(th) basis function of the p^(th) transform given by the m^(th) row of H_(p) via H_(p)(m, n) n=1, . . . , N. Let c_(p)(m) determine the number of nonzero entries in H_(p)(m, . . . ). For the given m and for n=1, . . . , N, define $\begin{matrix} {{F_{p}\left( {m,n} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {1/\sqrt{c_{p}(m)}} & {{H_{p}\left( {m,n} \right)} \neq 0} \\ 0 & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.} & (24) \end{matrix}$

[0063] The “significant-only” solution is obtained by replacing the diagonal matrix D(n)_(p,p) with $\begin{matrix} {{\overset{\sim}{D}(n)}_{p,q} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {u_{n}^{T}F_{p}^{T}S_{p}F_{p}u_{n}} & {p = q} \\ 0 & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.} & (25) \end{matrix}$

[0064] in Equation (22). Observe that for block transforms the diagonal entry {tilde over (D)}(n)_(p,p) is determined by the number of nonzero coefficients (the total number of coefficients in a block minus the number of coefficients hard-thresholded to zero) produced by the p^(th) transform with basis functions overlapping the n^(th) pixel. The weight for the p^(th) transform at a given pixel will thus be proportional to the inverse of the number of nonzero coefficients produced by the transform with basis functions overlapping the pixel.

[0065] Using Equations (5) and (9) the final de-noised estimate can be constructed as $\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\quad {{\alpha_{i}(n)}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}} \\ {= {\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\quad {{\alpha_{i}(n)}u_{n}^{T}H_{i}^{T}S_{i}H_{i}}} \right\rbrack y}} \\ {= {{L(n)}^{T}y}} \end{matrix} & (26) \end{matrix}$

[0066] where L(n)=[u_(n) ^(T)(Σ_(i=1) ^(M)α_(i)(n)H_(i) ^(T)S_(i)H_(i))]^(T)(N×1). L(n) can be thought of as an equivalent time varying linear filter that is applied to the noisy signal y to obtain the de-noised output. FIG. 2 illustrates the computed equivalent filters for the full, diagonal, and standard solutions at three pixels progressively situated away from an edge in the image voronoi as shown in the magnified portion of the image voronoi. (That entire image is also shown in FIG. 3, along with another test image, teapot, in FIG. 3.) The equivalent filters are constructed using fully overcomplete 8×8 DCTs, σ_(w)=5. The 45°/135° axis in the plots are in column/row dimensions of the image. Point (0,0) is on top of the respective pixel, and it indicates that factor that is used by the equivalent filter to multiply that pixel. All solutions use the threshold that achieves the best respective image-wide peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance.

[0067] Since a piecewise constant model is appropriate for this image, it is expected that L(n) will average pixels in the black voronoi region to obtain the de-noised result. As can be seen in the figure, the standard solution does very little spatial averaging in this region. The spatial support of the filter is restricted to a very local neighborhood of the respective pixel, and it does not broaden appreciably even when the pixel moves away from the edge. On the other hand, the diagonal solution produces filters that are broader in the black voronoi region, which results in better spatial averaging and improved de-noising performance around edges. For this example, the filters that are the broadest in the black voronoi region are produced by the full solution, which performs significant spatial averaging even for pixel 1, the pixel closest to the edge. All solutions do a good job of not closing the edge, but only the solutions set forth in this invention produce filters that perform significantly broad averaging in the correct region.

[0068] D. Simulation Results

[0069] De-noising results for the two test images shown in FIG. 3 are presented. All techniques are shown at the threshold that achieves peak PSNR. The utilized 8×8 DCTs and the 3 level, orthonormal, Daubechies D8 wavelets are fully overcomplete. The PSNR vs. threshold curves for the full (FIG. 4 only), diagonal, significant-only and standard solution systems are shown in FIGS. 4-6. FIG. 4 is 8×8 DCT results on voronoi with σ_(w)=5; FIG. 5 is 8×8 DCT results on teapot with σ_(w)=10; and FIG. 6 is orthonormal D8 results on teapot with σ_(w)=10. FIGS. 7(a)-(e) and 8(a)-(d) illustrate noisy and de-noised portions of the images, FIG. 7(a)-(e) showing 8×8 DCT results on voronoi with σ_(w)=5 and FIGS. 8(a)-(d) showing 8×8 DCT results on teapot with σ_(w)=10. In FIG. 4, it can be seen that the PSNR for the full solution peaks at a much smaller threshold as compared to the other solutions.

[0070] The full solution is the most aggressive in exploiting the model of Equation (11) and is also the most susceptible to modeling failures. Using hard-thresholding, model failures inevitably happen at higher thresholds which limit the performance of the full solution. Better thresholding techniques are expected to improve the optimized solutions' relative performance. For wavelets, the obtained results are about 0.2 dB better than the standard system (on the standard image Lena, improvements over the standard system are around 0.1 dB at σ_(w)=10). Using hard-thresholding, the overcomplete transforms associated with the utilized wavelet banks produce comparable entries in D(n)_(p,p) for p=, . . . , M, which limits gains. Better thresholding techniques are expected to improve performance.

[0071] E. Algorithms

[0072] The above-described principles of the invention can be incorporated into de-noising algorithms. Referring to the flow diagram of FIG. 9, one such algorithm starts in step 901 by obtaining a noise corrupted signal y. In step 902, threshold T is set to, for example, a multiple of the standard deviation of the noise, or may be computed using another suitable statistical calculation or set to a fixed constant such as 10 or 40.

[0073] In step 903, an overcomplete set of linear transforms is applied to the signal y. A thresholding (preferably a hard-thresholding) operation, such as that defined in Equation (6), is performed on the sets of transform coefficients in step 904 to obtain per-pixel estimates {circumflex over (x)}_(i) of x, the signal without the noise factor w. Next, in step 905, the individual estimates at each pixel are evaluated and the optimal weights for the estimates are derived. The weighted estimates at each pixel are mathematically combined (e.g., averaged) to obtain a final de-noised signal (step 906).

[0074] F. Implementations and Applications

[0075]FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system 100 which may be used to implement the processing of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the system includes a central processing unit (CPU) 101 that provides computing resources and controls the computer. CPU 101 may be implemented with a microprocessor or the like, and may also include a graphics processor and/or a floating point coprocessor for mathematical computations. System 100 further includes system memory 102 which may be in the form of random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The system memory may be used to store a de-noising program during its execution as well as data to-be-processed and intermediate results.

[0076] A number of controllers and peripheral devices are also provided, as shown in FIG. 10. Input controller 103 represents an interface to various input devices 104, such as a keyboard, mouse or stylus. There is also a controller 105 which communicates with a scanner 106 or equivalent device for digitizing documents including images to be processed in accordance with the invention. A storage controller 107 interfaces with one or more storage devices 108 each of which includes a storage medium such as magnetic tape or disk, or an optical medium that may be used to record programs of instructions for operating systems, utilities and applications which may include embodiments of programs that implement various aspects of the present invention. A display controller 109 provides an interface to a display device 111 which may be any known type of display. A printer controller 112 is also provided for communicating with a printer 113 for printing documents including images processed in accordance with the invention. A communications controller 114 interfaces with one or more communication devices 115 which enables system 100 to connect to remote devices through any of a variety of networks including the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or through any suitable electromagnetic carrier signals including infrared signals.

[0077] In the illustrated system, all major system components connect to bus 116 which may represent more than one physical bus. However, various system components may or may not be in physical proximity to one another. For example, the input data and/or the output data may be remotely transmitted from one physical location to another. Also, programs that implement various aspects of this invention may be accessed from a remote location (e.g., a server) over a network. Such data and/or programs may be conveyed through any of a variety of machine-readable medium including magnetic tape or disk or optical disc, network signals, or any other suitable electromagnetic carrier signals including infrared signals.

[0078] While the present invention may be conveniently implemented with software, a hardware implementation or combined hardware/software implementation is also possible. A hardware implementation may be realized, for example, using ASIC(s), digital signal processing circuitry, or the like. As such, the claim language “device-readable medium” includes not only software-carrying media, but also hardware having instructions for performing the required processing hardwired thereon and also hardware/software combination. Similarly, the claim language “program of instructions” includes both software and instructions embedded on hardware. Also, the component(s) referred to in the apparatus claims includes any device or combination of devices capable of performing the claimed operations. Such devices may include instruction-based processors (e.g., CPUs), ASICs, digital processing circuitry, or combination thereof. With these implementation alternatives in mind, it is to be understood that the figures and accompanying description provide the functional information one skilled in the art would require to write program code (i.e., software) or to fabricate circuits (i.e., hardware) to perform the processing required.

[0079] As the foregoing demonstrates, the present invention provides software- or hardware-based algorithms/techniques for removing noise from a digital signal using thresholding in conjunction with linear transforms that provide sparse decompositions. The algorithms of this invention have a broad range of applications and in general may be used to remove noise from any digital signal including video, still image, audio (speech, music, etc.) signals. The algorithms of this invention may also be used, with some modification, to predict lost regions of data in any of these types of signals, including error correction resulting from network transmission, recovery of damaged images, scratch removal, etc. In the algorithms of the present application, the thresholding operation is applied to each coefficient of a particular linear transform. In the data recovery algorithms briefly described below the thresholding is applied to select coefficients.

[0080] With respect to predicting lost regions of data, the algorithms of this invention may be incorporated into the more specific de-noising algorithms set forth in the above-identified related applications. The algorithms of one such application iteratively recovers the missing pixels in these layers. Upon filling the layers with an initial value, the algorithms select a threshold and evaluate several overcomplete transforms over the layers. Select transform coefficients hard-thresholded and inverse transformed to recover one layer of pixels while keeping the pixels in the other layers unaltered. Given L layers, this operation is repeated L times to recover all of the layers. After that, the algorithms reduce the threshold by a specific amount and proceed with the same computations for layer recovery starting with the first layer again. The algorithms terminate when the threshold reaches a predetermined lower level.

[0081] The algorithms of the other related application are the result of the inventor having recognized that most of the recovery performance typically comes from the initial iterations. Hence, the algorithms of this related application provide a fast alternative to the above related application's algorithms while still achieving most of the benefits thereof. In the algorithms of this related application, an initial thresholding decision is used to fix the set of transform coefficients that are thresholded to zero. However, this set is not recomputed at each iteration. Rather, this set is kept fixed for each layer, resulting in significant savings in computation, since the iterative solution is now reduced to a system of linear equations which can be solved directly, i.e., each layer is recovered in a single step without the need for iterations. Compared with the above related application's algorithms, the algorithms of this related application take a significant short-cut by directly solving for the pixels in each layer via the corresponding equation. In their simplest form, the algorithms of this related application use a single threshold to fully recover the layer pixels, i.e., the reduction of the threshold and further iterations are only desirable if very detailed information is to be recovered.

[0082] While the invention has been described in conjunction with several specific embodiments, further alternatives, modifications, variations and applications will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Thus, the invention described herein is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, variations and applications as may fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for obtaining an estimate of a noise-free portion of a noise-containing digital signal, comprising the steps of: (a) applying a set of M linear transforms to the noise-containing digital signal; (b) determining M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element of the digital signal; (c) deriving a combination of weight factors for the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by formulating the combination as a linear estimation problem and solving it for the individual weight factors; and (d) formulating a final de-noised estimate of each digital element based on the corresponding M initial de-noised estimates and the combination of weight factors determined in steps (b) and (c) respectively.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of M linear transforms is applied to the digital signal as a whole or to each digital element.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein, for each linear transform in the set of M linear transforms, the M initial de-noised estimates of a particular digital element are obtained by thresholding each transform coefficient that has an absolute value below a threshold and inverse transforming the non-thresholded transform coefficients.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the combination of weight factors is an optimal combination.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the combination of weight factors is derived such that a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates is minimized.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of M linear transforms comprises (i) a discrete cosine transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, (ii) a wavelet transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, or (iii) a Fourier transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital signal is an image or video frame comprised of a plurality of pixels, wherein each digital element comprises one or a group of pixels.
 8. A method for obtaining an estimate {circumflex over (x)} of a noise-free portion x of a noise-containing signal y, comprising the steps of: obtaining an estimate {circumflex over (x)}(n) for each element n of {circumflex over (x)} according to the following equation: ${{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\quad {{\alpha_{i}(n)}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}},{n = 1},\ldots \quad,N,$

 wherein weight factors α_(i)(n), i=1, . . . , M, n=1, . . . , N are optimally determined by formulating a combination thereof as a linear estimation problem; and combining the N {circumflex over (x)}(n) estimates to obtain {circumflex over (x)}.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined such that {circumflex over (x)}(n) minimizes a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a diagonal matrix that is derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).
 12. The method of claim 9, α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a reduced diagonal matrix that is derived from a diagonal matrix that is, in turn, derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).
 13. An apparatus for obtaining an estimate of a noise-free portion of a noise-containing digital signal, the apparatus comprising: one or more components configured to: apply a set of M linear transforms to the noise-containing digital signal; determine M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element of the digital signal; derive a combination of weight factors for the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by formulating the combination as a linear estimation problem and solving it for the individual weight factors; and formulate a final de-noised estimate of each digital element based on the corresponding M initial de-noised estimates and the combination of weight factors determined in steps (b) and (c) respectively.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the set of M linear transforms is applied to the digital signal as a whole or to each digital element.
 15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein, for each linear transform in the set of M linear transforms, the M initial de-noised estimates of a particular digital element are obtained by thresholding each transform coefficient that has an absolute value below a threshold and inverse transforming the non-thresholded transform coefficients.
 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the combination of weight factors is an optimal combination.
 17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the combination of weight factors is derived such that a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates is minimized.
 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the set of M linear transforms comprises (i) a discrete cosine transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, (ii) a wavelet transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, or (iii) a Fourier transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts.
 19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the digital signal is an image or video frame comprised of a plurality of pixels, wherein each digital element comprises one or a group of pixels.
 20. A device-readable medium having a program of instructions for directing a machine to perform a process of obtaining an estimate of a noise-free portion of a noise-containing digital signal, the program comprising: (a) instructions for applying a set of M linear transforms to the noise-containing digital signal; (b) instructions for determining M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element of the digital signal; (c) instructions for deriving a combination of weight factors for the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by formulating the combination as a linear estimation problem and solving it for the individual weight factors; and (d) instructions for formulating a final de-noised estimate of each digital element based on the corresponding M initial de-noised estimates and the combination of weight factors determined in steps (b) and (c) respectively.
 21. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein instruction (a) comprises instructions for applying the set of M linear transforms to the digital signal as a whole or to each digital element.
 22. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein instruction (b) comprise instructions for obtaining the M initial de-noised estimates of each digital element by thresholding each transform coefficient, of each linear transform in the set of M linear transforms, that has an absolute value below a threshold and inverse transforming the non-thresholded transform coefficients.
 23. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein, in instruction (c), the combination of weight factors is an optimal combination.
 24. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein, in instruction (c), the combination of weight factors is derived such that a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates is minimized.
 25. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein, in instruction (a), the set of M linear transforms comprises (i) a discrete cosine transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, (ii) a wavelet transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts, or (iii) a Fourier transform and a predetermined number of its overcomplete shifts.
 26. The device-readable medium of claim 20, wherein the digital signal is an image or video frame comprised of a plurality of pixels, wherein each digital element comprises one or a group of pixels.
 27. A device-readable medium having a program of instructions for directing a machine to perform a process of obtaining an estimate x of a noise-free portion x of a noise-containing signal y, the program comprising: instructions for obtaining an estimate x(n) for each element n of {circumflex over (x)} according to the following equation: ${{\hat{x}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M}\quad {{\alpha_{i}(n)}{{\hat{x}}_{i}(n)}}}},{n = 1},\ldots \quad,N,$

 wherein weight factors α_(i)(n), i=M=1, . . . , N are optimally determined by formulating a combination thereof as a linear estimation problem; and instructions for combining the N {circumflex over (x)}(n) estimates to obtain {circumflex over (x)}.
 28. The device-readable medium of claim 27, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined such that {circumflex over (x)}(n) minimizes a conditional mean squared error with respect to the initial de-noised estimates.
 29. The device-readable medium of claim 28, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).
 30. The device-readable medium of claim 28, wherein α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a diagonal matrix that is derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n).
 31. The device-readable medium of claim 28, α_(i)(n) are optimally determined based on a scaling factor that removes explicit dependence to noise variance and on a reduced diagonal matrix that is derived from a diagonal matrix that is, in turn, derived from a matrix that is dependent on an overcomplete transform set applied in obtaining each {circumflex over (x)}(n). 